Abstract: Due to various historical and realistic reasons, the development of basic music theory in China lags behind in the teaching system, teaching content and other aspects. It is an important task for Chinese music workers to revise or supplement the current basic music theory and related textbooks and then build a discipline system of basic music theory in China. This paper synthesizes the theories of music education and music history, music culture, music morphology and other related disciplines. It uses scientific, objective and rational values and holistic and comprehensive concepts. It takes the development of the basic music theory education of China as the research object and takes history as a mirror to further consider and prospect the construction of the basic music theory discipline system of China. The basic theory of Chinese Music can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) The basic music theory from the early 20th century to the founding of the People’s Republic of China; (2) From the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the period of reform and opening up; (3) Basic music theory compiled and published since the reform and opening up. It can be seen, from the development of the basic theory education of Chinese Music and its teaching materials, that the development of western music theory in China, before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, was a process from passive acceptance to active absorption. The scope of spreading western music theory was from the palace to the church, then to the school, and, finally, to the society, which made the music theory teaching in China gradually develop into a major and minor system as the leading mode. The basic theory of Chinese Music gradually deviated from its own track. With the deepening of music research after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the discipline development of basic music theory has witnessed a prosperous situation, and the construction of basic music theory is moving towards the direction of diversification and deepening. Many musicologists and music educators have made contributions to the construction of basic music theory in China from different disciplines and research perspectives. Based on the principle of “combining history with the theory” and combing the development of basic music theory in China, the ideal model of Chinese music theory discipline construction is conceived to promote the integration between traditional music theory and modern music theory from a diachronic perspective What is relevant to strengthen the unity of the nation and the world in basic music theory from a synchronic perspective, and to pay attention to the connotation of technology and culture in music theory teaching. But also to strengthen the scientific and logical concept in music theory textbooks.

Resumen: Debido a varias razones históricas y realistas, el desarrollo de la teoríeorlsica de la mlsica en China se queda atrátrra cuanto al sistema de enseñanza, el contenido de la enseñanza y otros aspectos. Es una tarea importante para los trabajadores chinos de la misica revisar o complementar la teoríeorteorntar sica actual y los libros de texto relacionados, y luego construir un sistema de disciplina de la teoríeorla teordesica en China. Este artículo sintetiza las teoríeorreorr educacióducacirr las tehistoria de la m sica, la cultura musical, la morfologíorfolog, la otras disciplinas relacionadas, utiliza valores científicos, objetivos y racionales y conceptos holísticos y comprensivos, toma el desarrollo de la educacióducaciedteoríeoracieducacsica de China como objeto de investigaciónvesttoma la historia como espejo para seguir considerando y prospectar la construccióonstrusistema de disciplina de la teoríeorla teordesica de China. Los fundamentos de la mtsica china pueden dividirse, a grandes rasgos, en tres periodos: (1) desde principios del siglo XX hasta la fundacióundacita la blica Popular China; (2) desde ese momento hasta el periodo de reforma y apertura; y (3) desde el periodo de reforma y apertura hasta la actualidad. La teoríeor teord. La teord. evolucionóvoluciond. La teord. Lfundacióundaciond. Lblica Popular China a travéravulun proceso de aceptaciócepasiva y absorcióbsactiva, como puede observarse en el desarrollo de la enseñanza de la teoríeorla teorde la ene lasica china y sus materiales didrcticos. La teoríeor teora teordidiales dpropagórprincipalmente desde el palacio a la iglesia, luego a las escuelas y finalmente a la sociedad. Como resultado, la enseñanza de la teoría musical china evolucionóvprogresivamente hacia un sistema menor mayor como modo dominante, y los fundamentos de la mtsica china se desviaron gradualmente. Tras el establecimiento de la Repiblica Popular China, la investigaciónvestigaciina, lprofundizado, lo que ha beneficiado el crecimiento de la disciplina de la teoríeorla teorbásica, que ahora se dirige hacia la diversificacióiversifprofundidad. El desarrollo de la teoríeorla teorde la teor teor de la tecontado con la ayuda de varios music musicusieducadores musicales de diversos campos académicos y puntos de vista de la investigaciónvestimodelo ideal de la construccióonstruccdisciplina de la teoríeorla teorde la teoconcibe sobre la base del principio de “combinar la historia con la teoríeor la tpeinar el desarrollo de la teoríeorla teordesica en China. Este modelo fomenta la integracióntegraciteoríeorgracirasica tradicional y la teoríeora teorlsica moderna desde una perspectiva diacrónica, refuerza la unidad del padel pal pmundo en la teoríeorla teorsica bcsica desde una perspectiva sincrónica, y presta atenciótenciiaconnotacióonnotacitecnología en su conjunto.

RESUMO O uso da temperatura como traçador natural em hidrologia é observado desde a década de 1960. Nos últimos anos, foi possível observar um resgate do uso desta propriedade física na investigação do ciclo da água. As principais razões são a redução de custos na medição de temperatura e o desenvolvimento da medição de temperatura distribuída. A partir deste contexto, este trabalho apresenta um estudo da interação rio-aquífero, na Bacia do Ribeirão da Onça (afloramento do Sistema Aquífero Guarani), a partir do uso de dados de vazão do curso principal e utilizando a temperatura como traçador natural. Duas calhas Parshall foram instaladas a uma distância de 1,2 km entre si, de forma a quantificar a vazão do curso principal e determinar a contribuição de água subterrânea. Um cabo de fibra ótica foi empregado para identificar regiões de contribuição da água subterrânea ao curso superficial, assim como uma sonda de temperatura, com termistores, foi utilizada para medir o gradiente de temperatura vertical e estimar as taxas de troca entre estes meios. Os resultados indicam uma diferença de vazão de ~250 m3.h-1 entre as calhas, o que pode ser interpretado como contribuição do fluxo de base ao rio. O sistema de medição distribuído de temperatura (DTS) permitiu a identificação de regiões de contribuição de água subterrânea, em virtude da diferença de temperatura entre água subterrânea e superficial. Taxas de descarga de 200 a 300 mm.dia-1 foram obtidas a partir das medições pontuais de temperatura, que concordam com os valores obtidos a partir da medição de vazão. O trabalho demonstra que a temperatura pode ser utilizada como um traçador natural, mesmo em áreas tropicais, em que a temperatura da água subterrânea é superior à da água superficial, especialmente nos períodos de inverno.

ABSTRACT The use of temperature as a natural tracer in hydrology is noticed since the 1960s. In recent years, there has been a revival of the use of this physical property in the investigation of water cycle. The main reasons are the cost reduction of temperature measurements and the development of distributed temperature sensing. Here, we present a study of the groundwater-surface water interaction in the Onça Creek Watershed (Guarani Aquifer System outcrop) using stream discharge data and temperature as a natural tracer. Two Parshall flumes were installed 1.2 km apart to quantify stream discharge and determine groundwater contribution. We used an optic fiber cable to identify interaction locations and a probe with thermistors to measure the vertical temperature gradient and estimate flux rates. The results show a discharge difference of ~250 m3.h-1 between both flumes, which we interpret as baseflow contribution. The distributed temperature sensing allowed the identification of regions with gaining behavior. Discharge rates between 200 and 300 mm.day-1 were determined from vertical temperature measurements, which agrees with the streamflow data. The study demonstrated that temperature is attractive as natural tracer in tropical conditions, where the groundwater temperature is higher than the surface water temperature, especially during the winter.

Abstract Objective To compare tooth movement rate and histological responses with three different force magnitude designs under osteoperforation in rabbit models. Methodology 48 rabbits were divided into three groups: Group A, Group B, and Group C, with traction force of 50 g, 100 g, 150 g, respectively. Osteoperforation was performed at the mesial of the right mandibular first premolar, the left side was not affected. One mini-screw was inserted into bones between two central incisors. Coil springs were fixed to the first premolars and the mini-screw. Tooth movement distance was calculated, and immunohistochemical staining of PCNA, OCN, VEGF, and TGF-β1 was analyzed. Results The tooth movement distance on the surgical side was larger than the control side in all groups (P<0.01). No significant intergroup difference was observed for the surgical side in tooth movement distance among the three groups (P>0.05). For the control side, tooth movement distance in Group A was significantly smaller than Groups B and C (P<0.001); no significant difference in tooth movement distance between Group B and Group C was observed (P>0.05). On the tension area of the moving premolar, labeling of PCNA, OCN, VEGF and TGF-β1 were confirmed in alveolar bone and periodontal ligament in all groups. PCNA, OCN, VEGF and TGF-β1 on the surgical side was larger than the control side in all groups (P<0.001). Conclusion Osteoperforation could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement rate in rabbits. Fast osteoperforation-assisted tooth movement in rabbits was achieve with light 50 g traction.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disease with protean manifestations. Lupus pancreatitis is the second most common disease associated with SLE-related acute abdomen. Although acute pancreatitis is rare it is clinically important because this condition can be life threatening if not treated promptly. Here, we report a case of a 10-year-old girl who developed SLE-associated pancreatitis after steroids therapy that was subsequently complicated by fungal septicaemia. Her clinical symptoms and signs markedly improved after administration of glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide.

El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad multisistémica con manifestaciones proteicas. La pancreatitis lúpica es la segunda enfermedad más frecuentemente asociada con el abdomen agudo en relación con el LES. Si bien la pancreatitis aguda es rara, es clínicamente importante porque puede ser potencialmente mortal si no se trata de inmediato. En este artículo, describimos el caso de una niña de 10 años que desarrolló pancreatitis asociada a LES después del tratamiento con corticoesteroides que se complicó posteriormente debido a septicemia fúngica. Los signos y síntomas clínicos mejoraron marcadamente después de la administración de glucocorticoides y ciclofosfamida.

We present a case of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Along with the classic findings of APSGN, the patient had a positive direct antiglobulin test and an anticardiolipin antibody without any typical clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). This case raises questions of the relationship between Streptococcus and the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children. Our case highlights the possibility that the streptococcal infections in this patient might be responsible for her anemia, either in setting of underlying antiphospholipid antibodies, or in having triggered the development of pathogenic antibodies, which subsequently leads to the clinical evolution of hemolysis. It is presumed that in our case, the anticardiolipin antibody induced by streptococcal infection may play a direct role in the clinical evolution of AIHA.

En este artículo, presentamos el caso de una paciente con glomerulonefritis aguda postestreptocócica (GNAPE) y anemia hemolítica autoinmunitaria (AHAI). Además de los signos típicos de la GNAPE, la paciente tuvo un resultado positivo en la prueba de antiglobulina directa y anticuerpos contra la cardiolipina sin que presentara las manifestaciones clínicas típicas del síndrome antifosfolipídico. Este caso genera dudas respecto de la relación entre el estreptococo y el desarrollo de anemia hemolítica autoinmunitaria en los niños. Este caso destaca la posibilidad de que las infecciones estreptocócicas de nuestra paciente podrían haber causado la anemia, ya sea en el contexto de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos preexistentes o por haber desencadenado el desarrollo de anticuerpos patogénicos, que luego lleva a la presentación clínica de hemólisis. Se presume que, en la paciente, los anticuerpos contra la cardiolipina inducidos por la infección estreptocócica podrían tener una función directa en la presentación clínica de AHAI.

RESUMO: Os reguladores de crescimento das plantas são um imenso grupo de substâncias que têm a capacidade de alterar o padrão de crescimento das plantas e podem ser utilizadas para melhorar o crescimento e a produtividade das plantas. Foi realizado um estudo nas pastagens de Xilin Gol, na Mongólia Interior (China), para determinar o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de Stipa krylovii em resposta à aplicação exógena de diferentes reguladores de crescimento em várias concentrações, a saber: ácido naftaleno acético (NAA), 6-benzilaminopurina (6-BA), brassinosteroide (BR), nitrofenolato de sódio (SNP) e forchlorfenuron, e ácido giberélico (GA3). A aplicação de reguladores de crescimento aumentou de forma significativa o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de S. krylovii. Houve melhora na altura do eixo vegetativo pela aplicação de 100 mg L-1 de GA3, ao passo que a altura do eixo reprodutivo foi aumentada nas concentrações de 25 mg L-1 de 6-BA, 100 mg L-1 de SNP + 5 mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron e 50 mg L-1 de SNP + 2,5 mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron, em comparação com a testemunha. Houve aumento da biomassa fresca com a aplicação de 0,02 mg L-1 de BR, 10 mg L-1 de SNP + 0,5 mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron e 50 mg L-1 de SNP + 2,5 mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron. A aplicação de 5 mg L-1 de 6-BA e 50 mg L-1 de SNP + 2,5 mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron mostrou-se mais benéfica no aumento da biomassa seca de S. krylovii, em comparação com a testemunha. Em conclusão, a aplicação exógena de diferentes reguladores de crescimento melhorou o crescimento e produção de biomassa de S. krylovii. Além disso, a aplicação de SNP + forchlorfenuron e 6-BA foi mais eficaz.

ABSTRACT: Plant growth regulators are an immense group of substances that have the ability to alter growth pattern of plants and can be used for improving plant growth and productivity. A study was conducted in the Xilin Gol grassland of Inner Mongolia, China, to ascertain the growth and biomass production of Stipa krylovii in response to exogenous application of different growth regulators at various concentrations viz. naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), brassinosteroid (BR), sodium nitrophenolate (SNP) and forchlorfenuron, and gibberellic acid (GA3). Application of growth regulators significantly enhanced the growth and biomass production of S. krylovii. The height of vegetative shoot was enhanced mostly by the application of 100 mg L-1 GA3, while, height of reproductive shoot was increased by 25 mg L-1 6-BA, 100 mg L-1 SNP + 5 mg L-1 forchlorfenuron and 50 mg L-1 SNP + 2.5 mg L-1 forchlorfenuron as compared to control. Fresh biomass was enhanced by the application of 0.02 mg L-1 BR, 10 mg L-1 SNP + 0.5 mg L-1 forchlorfenuron and 50 mg L-1 SNP + 2.5 mg L-1 forchlorfenuron. Application of 5 mg L-1 6-BA and 50 mg L-1 SNP + 2.5 mg L-1 forchlorfenuron proved to be more beneficial in improving dry biomass of S. krylovii, as compared to control. In conclusion, exogenous application of different growth regulators improved growth and biomass production of S. krylovii. Furthermore, application of SNP + forchlorfenuron and 6-BA was more effective.

Background: The impact of enteral nutrition (EN) on surgical risk in Crohn's disease (CD) patients suffering from spontaneous intra-abdominal abscess (IAA) was evaluated. Methods: CD patients diagnosed with spontaneous IAA from 2008 to 2015 were included in the study. The impact of EN on surgical risk was evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 87 patients were enrolled, 66 (75.9%) were male. The mean age at the development of an abscess was 30.2 ± 10.1 years and the median duration of illness from CD diagnosis until the development of an abscess was three (2-6) years. After a median follow-up of 1.9 (1.1-2.9) years, surgical intervention was performed in 42 patients (48.3%). Patients treated with EN were less likely to require surgical intervention (26.1% vs 56.3%, p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that EN was an independent protective factor for the risk of surgery with a hazard ratio of 0.27 (95% confidence interval: 0.11-0.65, p = 0.004) after adjusting for abdominal pain, history of abdominal surgery, concomitant intestinal stenosis and prior use of antibiotics within three months. Conclusions: Surgical intervention is common for CD patients with IAA. Appropriate application of EN may help obviate the need for surgical treatment.

The hot deformation behaviours of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru alloy were investigated by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 1023-1423 K and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1. The β transus was determined to be 1198 K by continuous heating method. The values of deformation activation energy Q at the strain of 0.3 were calculated to be 630.01 kJ/mol in dual-phase field and 331.75 kJ/mol in β-phase field. Moreover, the processing maps at the strain of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 were developed based on dynamic materials model (DMM). To deeply understand the microstructure evolution mechanism during hot deformation processes and to verify the processing maps, the microstructures at different deformation conditions were observed. The stable microstructures (i.e. globularization, dynamic recovery (DRV) and β dynamic recrystallization (β-DRX)) and instable microstructures (i.e. lamellae kinking and flow localization) were obtained. To make it useful in the design of industrial hot working schedules for this material, a microstructural mechanism map was constructed on the basis of processing maps and microstructure observation. Deformation conditions in the vicinity of 1150 K & 0.01 s-1 where globularization occurs and in the vicinity of 1323 K & 0.01 s-1 where β-DRX occurs are recommended.

Hot compression tests of as-cast Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy in a wide temperature range of 1073-1323 K and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1 were conducted by a servo-hydraulic and computer-controlled Gleeble-1500 machine. The hot flow behaviors of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy show highly non-linear relationships with strain, strain rate and temperature. In order to accurately and effectively characterize the complex flow behaviors, support vector regression (SVR) which is a machine learning method was combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to characterize the flow behaviors, namely, the GA-SVR. The study abilities, generation abilities, and modeling efficiencies of the improved Arrhenius-type constitutive model, ANN, and GA-SVR for flow behaviors of as-cast Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy were detailedly compared. Comparison results show that the study ability of the GA-SVR is as strong as the ANN. The generation abilities and modeling efficiencies of these models were shown as follows in ascending order: the improved Arrhenius-type constitutive model < ANN < GA-SVR. Based on the established GA-SVR, the continuously three-dimensional relationships among flow stress, temperature, strain, and strain rate were constructed, which improve the simulation accuracy and related research fields where stress-strain data play important roles.

Hot compressions of as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy in a wide temperature range of 523-673 K and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s–1 with a height reduction of 60% were conducted by a Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical test simulator. The hot flow behaviors show highly non-linear intrinsic relationships with temperature, strain and strain rate. In order to model the complicated flow behaviors, error back-propagation algorithm, a representative method to minimize the target error, was selected to train the artificial neural network. A comparative study was made on the predictabilities of the improved Arrhenius-type and BP-ANN model by using two standard statistical parameters including correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE). Comparison results show that the well-trained BP-ANN has higher prediction accuracy. Three highlight applications were presented. Firstly, the strain-stress data volume was expanded by BP-ANN predictions above experimental conditions. Secondly, the expanded data were applied in the simulations of isothermal compressions, and high simulation accuracy for the load-stroke curve was achieved. Thirdly, a three-dimensional (3D) interaction space of stress, strain, temperature and strain rate was constructed based on the intensive data, which supplies the stress data to arbitrary temperature, strain rate, and strain.

OBJECTIVES: Fixed-dose combination formulations, which simplify the administration of drugs and prevent the development of drug resistance, have been recommended as a standard anti-tuberculosis treatment regimen. However, the composition and dosage recommendations for fixed-dose combination formulations differ from those for separate formulations. Thus, questions about the effectiveness and side effects of combination formulations remain. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of these two types of anti-tuberculosis regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. METHOD: A prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted using the directly observed treatment short-course strategy. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two short-course regimens. One year after completing the treatment, these patients’ outcomes were analyzed. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00979290. RESULTS: A total of 161 patients were enrolled, 142 of whom were evaluable for safety assessment. The two regimens had a similar incidence of adverse effects. In the per-protocol population, serum bilirubin concentrations at the peak level, at week 4, and at week 8 were significantly higher for the fixed-dose combination formulation than for the separate formulations. All patients had negative sputum cultures at the end of the treatment, and no relapse occurred after one year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized study, transient higher serum bilirubin levels were noted for the fixed-dose combination regimen compared with the separate formulations during treatment. However, no significant difference in safety or efficacy was found between the groups when the directly observed treatment short-course strategy was used.

Objective: The aim of the study is to examine the distribution of integrated covariate and its association with blood pressure (BP) among children in Anhui province, China, and assess the predictive value of integrated covariate to children hypertension. Methods: A total of 2,828 subjects (1,588 male and 1,240 female) aged 7-17 years participated in this study. Height, weight, waistline, hipline and BP of all subjects were measured, obesity and overweight were defined by an international standard, specifying the measurement, the reference population, and the age and sex specific cut off points. High BP status was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 95th percentile for age and gender. Results: Our results revealed that the prevalence of children hypertension was 11.03%, the SBP and DBP of obesity group were significantly higher than that of normal group. Anthropometric obesity indices such as body mass index (BMI) were positively correlated with SBP and DBP. Integrated covariate had a better performance than the single covariate in the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the cut-off value; the sensitivity and the specificity of the integrated covariate were 0.112, 0.577, 0.683, respectively. Conclusion: Integrated covariate is a simple and effective anthropometric index to identify childhood hypertension.

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es examinar la distribución de las covariables integrado y su asociación con la presión arterial (PA) entre los niños en la provincia de Anhui, China, y evaluar el valor predictivo de covariables integrado a los niños la hipertensión. Métodos: Un total de 2.828 sujetos (1.588 macho y 1.240 hembra) de 7 a 17 años participaron en este estudio. Altura, peso, cintura, hipline y BP de todos los sujetos fueron medidos, la obesidad y el sobrepeso se han definido por una norma internacional, especificando la medición, la población de referencia, y la edad y sexo los puntos de corte. La condición de alta presión se define como la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y/o presión arterial diastólica (PAD) > percentil para edad y sexo. Resultados: Nuestros resultados revelan que la prevalencia de niños la hipertensión fue 11,03%, el SBP y DBP de obesidad grupo fueron significativamente más alta que la de grupo normal. Los índices de obesidad, tales como el índice de masa corporal (IMC) se correlacionaron positivamente con SBP y DBP. Integrated covariable tuvo un mejor rendimiento que la covariable en la curva de características operativas del receptor (ROC), el valor de corte, la sensibilidad y la especificidad de las covariables fueron integrados 0,112, 0,577,0,683, respectivamente. Conclusión: Integrado covariable es un simple y eficaz para identificar a la niñez índice antropométrico hipertensión.

A new kind of crosslinkable potato starch-based graft copolymer emulsion (PoSt-g-BMD) has been prepared using butyl acrylate (BA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as main monomers, and diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) as functional monomer. The keto-carbonyl group of DAAM in PoSt-g-BMD copolymer could react with adipic dihydrazide (ADH) at ambient temperature to form cross-linked copolymer. The PoSt-g-BMD had been characterized by the FT-IR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was applied to prepare the humidity-controlling coatings (PoSt-g-BMD-C). The water absorption of PoSt-g-BMD-C was 105%. The humidity controlling properties were also measured, and the PoSt-g-BMD-C exhibited humidity sensitivity and humidity retention because fillers of porous structure combined with PoSt-g-BMD copolymer emulsion based on scanning electron microscopy images (SEM). It could be widely applied in indoor coating for controlling humidity.

OBJECTIVE: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpes virus, which can adapt and evade host immune defense. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of immune responses. This study investigated the effects of EBV on cord blood monocytes derived DCs (CBDC). METHODS: Monocytes were isolated from cord blood and cultured in medium containing recombinant IL-4 and GM-CSF to induce DCs development. B95-8 supernatant was added in monocytes culture medium for EBV infection at day 0. Phenotypic characterization of DCs, apoptotic cells, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected by flow cytometry. The morphology was observed by Hoechst 33258 staining and TUNEL staining, the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) was detected by Western blotting assay and caspase 3, 8 and 9 activity was measured. RESULTS: Phenotypic characterization of DCs was changed in EBV-treated group. Chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation were observed in EBV induced CBDC apoptosis. In addition, caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9 activation were enhanced in the EBV-treated group. This was accompanied by the loss of MMP. Furthermore, XIAP expression was down-regulated in the EBV-treated group and compared to mock-infected group. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that EBV could inhibit CBDC phenotypic differentiation, and induce CBDC apoptosis in caspase-dependent manner with involvement of the mitochondrial pathway. This might help EBV to evade host immune responses to establish persistent infection.